This paper is an investigation into the gestation period of French spiritualism which triumphed in Victor Cousin’s teaching. We deal with the question of Madame de Stael’s influence and in particular her ideas on German culture and German idealism. We show that these ideas, born in part from the dialogue with Charles de Villers, were fruitful when they crossed paths with the latest philosophy of Maine de Biran. It was in this context that Victor Cousin had the idea of moving towards German idealism.

In a climate marked by economic insecurity, health emergencies, identity crisis, wars of all kinds, the relationship to the other in the media discourse has never been so fragile. A lot of stereotypes arise from this. Long before the Crusades, it acquired a new meaning and a new name each time. Words, like loaded guns and their uses, contribute to a reading beyond information as such. ‘To name things baldly is to bring more misfortune of the world’ (Albert Camus). This way, wordplay can be judgmental rather than neutral in the political discourse conveyed by the media on a daily basis. According to Charaudeau (2013), ‘Any given Muslim has become the new scapegoat of populist discourse. Moreover, a headline in ‘Le Monde’ emphasizes that ‘Le musulman a remplace l’immigre dans le discours de Marine Le Pen’ (The Muslim has replaced the immigrant in Marine Le Pen’s discourse). It is in this context that this article proposes a descriptive and semiotic analysis of the identity stereotypes relayed by the French media, based on a corpus drawn from French press titles. However, stereotypes in political discourse lead us to shed light on language issues - here, we are interested in the antagonisms to the connotations and denotations of Islam and Muslims, as reported by the media, within a debate on the construction of a pictorial identity, which places it in a diachronic rather than a synchronic framework. At the end of this analysis, the results will be discussed.

Chief Caribbean animal metaphors, Anansi and Rabbit, fail to adequately capture these three fundamental attributes in authors wrestling with colonisation’s aftermath. These writers skilfully praise and undermine, while living off the coloniser. The carrot-and-stick approach evokes the colour-shifting chameleon—a fabulous, camouflaging, enemy-rerouting African trickster lizard—chosen as a cynosure for succeeding where Anansi and Rabbit fail. Anansi and Rabbit served the Caribbean well insofar as adjusting to slavery and post-slavery survival dynamics. But given progress in a modern era, the old Anansi and Rabbit tropes become haunting metaphors to the Caribbean and threaten to retard the region in an era of modern civilization. While Chameleon retains some of the attributes of Rabbit and Anansi, the lizard’s colours are diverse and reflect adaptation to any reality: old or new. The chameleon’s camouflage serves as a signification-occulting rhetoric for authors and, on the character level, those who mimic and outwit oppressors to survive resemble chameleon. The lizard’s colour alternation, for figuratively and ably capturing authorial ambivalence towards oppressor and oppressed, renders the lizard suitable as rhetoric for subversion and character survival in the Caribbean. What is more, an in-depth study of chameleon reveals that the creature is a feature in the lore of Europe, Africa, and Asia—the three Caribbean impacting continents, making chameleon in proverbial language, and, unlike the African Anansi and Rabbit, a lizard for all seasons.

Throughout the prominence of the Islamic State (IS), the world became captivated by the stories of the women involved in this extremist organization. Many openly question why women from all over the world choose to join a group extremely violent towards women in the region and in their own ranks. This paper examines the women of IS and their reasons for interacting with the group. Through the lenses of Simone de Beauvoir’s concept of ‘male as subject and women as other’ and the feminist viewpoints on alienation, the paper questions whether women actually are welcomed in the world. By exploring the various women of IS and their experiences before and after interacting with the group, this paper discovers that alienation is a theme throughout a woman’s life. Thus, in conclusion, it is discovered that the women of IS make their decisions based on their desire to be included, but as second class citizens they will be alienated wherever they go.

It is highly asserted that Hannah Arendt as a female philosopher could discover the true description of right to love which had been considered as the most effective. She passionately in her youth followed the ideas of some great genius such as Immanuel Kant, Soren Kiergaard, Karl Jaspers and so on. Hannah participated mostly in Martin Heidegger’s innovative seminars held on Greek philosophy in Marburg university and then through his brilliant thoughts, Hannah was influenced by his professors as unconscious spice of a true love of hers, however, gradually she was becoming far away from idealistic philosophy of the classical world and got closer and closer to the transitional age of emotion and philosophy from modernity to postmodernism. This article presented with the focus on logical and philosophical opinions and thoughts of Hannah has depicted how it is understandable to find out the real discovery of a natural rights on the basis of classical philosophy throughout the personal life of a philosopher. For Hannah the hypothesis of a pilgrim philosophy was an excursion on the path of love as a balanced and elevated power on natural rights.

The study documents the views and attitudes of French students, aged 14 or 15 years, about science and technology in society and are compared with a number of other studies and with the wider international context as revealed by other ROSE studies. Although the research reveals a number of gender differences in the French students’ responses, it is clear that these mirror those of students from other developed countries and contrast markedly with those of students from the developing world. The students’ opinions are also placed in the wider context of adult French citizens views about science, technology and society. It is suggested that many students appear to have a dichotomous view of science: a common view that they share with the society in which they live and western culture (here the students align with the adults) and a more personal view that reflects their individual lives, needs and desires (here they differ from adults and from other young people in developing countries). While the common view seems rooted on social values, the personal perspective is more linked to issues such as self-identity.

The present study focuses on the rise and downs of contemporary Afghan painting in the last hundred years, which has been organized with a descriptive-analytical approach with a qualitative approach. The purpose of this article is to explain and recognize contemporary Afghan painting and to seek answers to these questions: What is the relationship between contemporary painting and the old? To what extent has the Western style of globalization influenced Afghan painting? What is the purpose of explaining contemporary art trends in Afghan paintings? The results of the study showed that contemporary painting, with the support of old components and the modern and new approach of artists, has a completely different identity from its artistic past and a kind of artistic surrealism that was initially associated with the romantic view in most contemporary works. Can be seen. Painting in the early twentieth century seems to be very much in line with the literature of that period, which needs further study. Literature known in the Indian style, especially in poetry. Although the influence of Western style on painting was much later than in other arts, and after its introduction to the field, it was introduced over the years, but from the mid-eighties onwards, the basic principles of ancient painting among artists to some extent Found. Traditional beliefs and indigenous approaches are one of the main features of contemporary painting.

Law plays an important role in the establishment of any peaceful society. The world at large, needs to have some sort of constitution. Islam, being proactive, has devised important rules about 1440 years back for the safety of Deen, Life, Wealth, Wisdom and Generation. In Sharia they are called “Usool-e-Khamsa” (five rules). Since the entire building of the Sharia stands on these five rules. As mentioned earlier, the safety of Wealth is one of the basics of Deen. Therefore, Islam introduced the system of Had-e-Sariqa(Punishment for Theft) as well as Highlight its introduction and categorized Theft and Islamic Jurisprudence have determined its different types according to the nature and circumstances and have stated suitable punishments for them. Cheating in Property is also a kind of theft and wealth cannot becomes safe if a person is making cheats. Pakistani Laws especially Pakistan Penal Code has gathered all these rules and has given them the shape of a law. However, the alignment of these laws with the Islamic fiqha is always a big question and it is feared that they miss the Islamic teachings regarding these issues. Therefore, this intellectual enquiry is all about the detailed comparative study of these sections of Pakistan Penal Code regarding to the Cheating in Property with all the four basic Islamic schools of thought. The intention is to make it clear that to what extent each section is in accordance or in conflict with which school of thought.

Countries in Africa are mostly classified based on geographical region or colonialism. These African countries have both similarities and differences which could be traced alongside the lines of language, culture, religion patterns and others. Some of these similarities and differences are present based on the region in which the country belongs to and historical factors of colonialism that shaped the identity of these countries. This paper analyses the differences and similarities present between the states in the Lake Chad region. This paper also discusses the differences and similarities of these countries when categorized geographically or by former colonial empires. As a continent, Africa is majorly surrounded by natural bodies of water. For context and easier understanding, a brief historical account is given for each country in the Lake Chad region. Following these are the similarities and differences identified in the Lake Chad region in the dimensions of study.

Teaching methodologies and learning methods are crucial for the teacher in the classroom. This paper will start by looking at the evolution of teaching methods across the years. This is how the methods changed depending on a certain period of history. Then we shall look at the different teaching methods which a teacher can use in class. The teacher will have to choose a particular method according his or her needs. After that we shall look at the different learning methods as individuals learn in different ways and we shall explore the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Lastly, we shall explore various issues that can arise within the classroom as a result of disabilities. It is important that teachers recognize such learning problems within their classroom and adjust their teaching strategies accordingly. In this way, incidents of waves of students’ misbehaviors will be reduced.

Contemporary African states are faced with the task of governing the many separate ethnic groups within their borders. This ethnic diversity has for the most part been transformed into divides, polarizing African states into the ‘we’ and the ‘they,’ our side and their side, the insiders and the outsiders. These divides have occasioned a litany of violent and callous intrastate conflicts in most African states, resulting to millions of deaths, millions displaced, millions maimed, and to an endless awful suffering on the civilian populations. This paper diagnoses how and why cultural differences are transformed into cultural divides and attempts a search for an African ethics that can be used to foster trust and the virtues that a cultural diversity society requires. I argue in this paper that the virtues of cultural diversity must be built on deeply rooted African traditions if they are to guarantee sustainable peace. The deeply rooted African traditions in an African eco-bio-communitarian ethics can provide an avenue for fostering the management of cultural diversity in African states. I am offering an empirical analysis of the eco-bio-communitarian ethics within the Nso’ outlook, in the North West Region of Cameroon to show the virtues required to foster the management of diversity and forestall cultural divides entrenched in African states. I use Cameroon to exemplify cultural divides in Africa because Cameroon is often defined as African in miniature. I argue that an imported approach to the management of diversity in Africa could be too tight or loose like the Biblical Saul’s armour on David that did not fit on David properly. Hence, deeply rooted traditions in an African eco-bio-communitarian ethics can provide an avenue for fostering a political atmosphere within which cultural diversity can flourish.

William Commanda (1913 – 2011), Indigenous leader, recipient of two honorary doctorate degrees, and subject of a thesis on his environmental legacy (Thumbadoo 2017), was carrier of wampum shell belts of Algonquin heritage; these are ancient mnemonic conceptual devices of spiritual, historical, narrative and record-keeping importance that underlie his cognitive mapping practice. Cognitive cartography is a relatively new field of inquiry in the social sciences, initiated via cognitive psychology, and today, multidisciplinary research is undertaken by neuroscientists, geographers, anthropologists, computer and information scientists as well as psychologists. Research is dominated by location-based theories that explore how we acquire, learn, code, process, store and decode information related to the geographic world and how we use this knowledge to make spatial choices and decisions. Yet Indigenous thinking suggests that geographical acuity requires the intersection and integration of cosmic, temporal and spatial knowledge, and further, that this is of critical importance in these times of dramatic earth and climate change. William Commanda was a much-travelled and respected Indigenous leader and canoe-maker. He identified himself as Mamiwinini; he translated this to mean we travel every day; we always move. Thus, motion played a critical role in his cognitive map. During contemporary times, guided by the prophetic heritage of his ancestors, embedded in the concept Ginawaydaganuc, Everything is related, he mapped his traditional homeland of North America, known to his people as Turtle Island, through numerous journeys, social and political activism, language and cybernetic influential storytelling, demonstrating reflexivity, performance, agency and geo-narrative animation. This paper, following the trajectory of post-representational theory, examines the role that two contemporary spatial and temporal cartographic innovations, the cybercartographic digital atlas (Taylor et al) and social media, and cybernetics play in integrating place, time and movement on the land, concomitant with interrelationship with the sensory, observational and experiential, in William Commanda’s cognitive mapping practice.

One of the most essential studies in the modern world is identifying the true proportion among human rights, religion, and the local culture. Analyzing the extent to which Islam as a religion has paid attention to the issue of human natural rights is capable of revealing the mentality of those modern scholars who explain the challenge between religion and human rights from a different perspective. The researcher believes that the human rights issues which are taken into consideration under the world view and culture of the Moslem people in the Islamic countries are not following the customs and norms of the western people who are the producers of a special type of norm for human rights. Human rights, from the viewpoint of sensible Moslems, not only benefits from the pure source of the Islamic thought as the terminator of the Abrahamic religions but also is influenced by the national accepted culture and customs. The current study is conducted using a library research while its collected data is based on a survey done on a sample of Iranian youth.

There is a serious phenomenon of gender discrimination in employment in China. The equal rights of women in employment have been greatly damaged, such as gender barriers to job hunting, different pay for equal work and difficult promotion of female employees. Although the government has taken a series of measures to alleviate gender discrimination in employment in recent years, the phenomenon that women are treated differently is still emerging. In addition to the traditional social stereotype that men are in charge of the job and women are in charge of their own affairs the imperfect legal system in the protection of womens equal rights in employment is also an important reason for this phenomenon. This paper proposes to protect womens equal employment rights by making special laws, perfecting existing laws and carrying out the inversion of burden of proof.

Diary writing is a very effective tool for both students and teachers since this technique enables students to think on what they have learned, how they have learned it, what kind of difficulties they have when they need to write in English or what helps them to overcome these difficulties in the process of learning English. Furthermore, teachers can learn from students’ diaries about their limitations and faults in writing and help them to remove them. They can also find out what teaching strategies students prefer the best and use them in their teaching. The purpose of this article is to discuss about diary writing used in the Course of Academic Writing for TEFL learners and analyse the effect of this approach on developing writing skill. The results revealed that diary writing as a tool for self-reflection can improve writing skill better than mere teacher written error correction.

In the 1960’s, Pierre Bourdieu tries to develop a sociology of perception. At this time, he is then influenced by neo-kantian and analytic philosophers who claim that perception is not a pure given, but always implies conceptuality. He then claims for a symbolic definition of perception as an operation of “decoding”. In the 1990’s, however, influenced by Michael Baxandall’s theory of a “period eye”, Bourdieu turns to a non-symbolic definition of perception, based on the concept of “schemes of perception”. This article tries to underline both the interests and the limits of this concept. We finally claim for a four-dimensional theory of perception {categorization – attention – sensorimotor anticipations – sense of reality}, compatible with both Bourdieu’s intuitions and contemporary psychological data.

Adult ideology has always tried to shape childrens literature in translation according to its inherent main goals, as showed in the didactic and moralistic role attributed to childrens literature. Thus, in order to provide books for children which could fit the established canon in those terms of morality and didacticism, texts were subjected to manipulations, which resulted, in the end, in a different text from the original. Indeed, the canon of childrens literature provides that a book for children must be didactic and moralistic and teach the children to stay at their place. As far as adaptation is concerned, childrens literature has been for long affected by changes that have determined new messages and ideas to be conveyed in the Target Text. Domestication is thus part of translation and not a parallel process. Moreover, domesticating cultural references as much as possible is carried out in order to help the children identify with the characters and better understand the story. In a country like Italy, recovering from war, where foreign cultures were not well known, such a norm was reasonable. This present work intends to focus on the role of childrens literature in translation in Italy during 1950s, particularly focusing on Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie as case-study, to point out a way of shaping the cultural and social order of the after-war and reconstruction, in order to identify the dominant ideology and its constraints imposed on children and their literature.